65 of the Geography glossary’s terms, each with the part of the syllabus where you first meet it.
The general idea of trading partnerships that pay producers in poorer countries a fair price and offer fair working conditions, of which certified Fairtrade is one system.
The certified trading system run by Fairtrade International, which guarantees certified producers a minimum price and an extra Fairtrade Premium, and labels their products with the Fairtrade Mark.
A measure of water availability as renewable freshwater per person per year, with thresholds of 1,700 m³ for water stress, 1,000 m³ for scarcity and 500 m³ for absolute scarcity.
The part of a storm hydrograph after the peak that shows discharge decreasing as the basin drains; also called the recession limb.
A model of the stages a person passes through, from young single adult through partnership and parenthood to the empty nest and retirement, each with typical patterns of income, time and leisure.
The number of children born to a couple or a woman; at national scale it is measured by the total fertility rate, the average number of births per woman over her reproductive life.
An extreme food crisis in an area where at least 20% of households face an extreme lack of food, over 30% of children are acutely malnourished and over two people per 10,000 die each day (IPC Phase 5).
The supporters of a sports team, from local season-ticket holders to national and global followers who watch through broadcasting and social media.
A low-cost method of restoring degraded farmland in which farmers protect and prune shoots growing from the living stumps and roots of trees and shrubs so they grow into trees.
A type of agriculture defined by its combination of inputs, processes and outputs, such as subsistence or commercial, intensive or extensive, and arable, pastoral or mixed farming.
An attitude to hazards in which people accept losses as inevitable or as the will of a higher power and believe that little can be done to prevent them.
A fracture in the Earth's crust along which rocks on either side have moved relative to each other.
A chain of processes in a system in which a change produces effects that act back on the original change, either amplifying it or reducing it.
The application of dissolved fertiliser through an irrigation system, usually drip irrigation, so that nutrients reach plant roots in the amounts and at the times the crop needs them.
An organised event, held regularly or once, that celebrates music, culture, religion, sport or arts and attracts large numbers of people to a place for a short time.
The distance of open water over which the wind blows to generate waves; the longer the fetch, the larger and more powerful the waves can become.
A simple labelled drawing of a landscape or feature made in the field, showing only the features relevant to the investigation, with annotations.
A focused, geographical question about a precise local place that can be answered by collecting and analysing primary data in the field.
Granular, compacted snow that has survived at least one summer melt season and is turning into glacier ice as burial squeezes out its air.
A population of one fish species in a particular area that is managed as a single unit.
A limit on the amount of fish that a country, fleet, vessel or business may catch, usually a share of a total allowable catch.
A long, narrow, deep and steep-sided coastal inlet formed when a glacial trough was flooded by the sea, often with a shallow rock threshold at its mouth.
The sudden collapse of a large part of a volcano's side, producing a fast debris avalanche and sometimes a tsunami.
A flood that rises within minutes or a few hours of intense rainfall, usually in a small, steep or urban drainage basin, giving very little warning.
A storm hydrograph with a short lag time, steep rising and falling limbs and a high peak discharge; a subdued hydrograph has a long lag time and a low, broad peak.
An event in which water covers land that is normally dry, for example when a river's discharge exceeds the capacity of its channel and water spills onto the floodplain.
The prediction of when and where a flood will happen and how large it will be, by combining weather forecasts and river measurements with hydrological models.
A graph of annual peak discharge plotted against recurrence interval, usually on a logarithmic axis, used to estimate the size of a flood expected once in a given number of years.
Any action taken to reduce the likelihood of flooding or the harm that floods cause to people, property and the economy.
Actions taken before a flood to reduce its impact, such as flood plans, sandbags, flood boards, raised homes, emergency kits, shelters and evacuation routes.
An artificial channel that takes part of a river's flow around a settlement during high discharge and returns it downstream, reducing the flood level in the main channel.
The likelihood that a flood of a given size will occur in a place combined with the harm it would cause to people, property and activities there.
The wide, flat area of a valley floor on either side of a river that is covered by water during floods and built of layers of alluvium.
A map showing movements between places with lines or arrows whose direction shows the route and whose width is proportional to the volume of the flow.
A way of employing workers at remote mines in which they are flown to the site for a shift of one to several weeks, living in camps, then flown home for a rest period.
The point inside the Earth where a fault first ruptures and an earthquake begins, and from which seismic waves spread out.
Collecting water from fog by placing large vertical mesh nets in its path, so that droplets gather on the mesh and drip into a trough below.
Food provided free or at reduced cost to people or countries that cannot produce or buy enough, given either in kind as food or as cash or vouchers to buy it.
The United Nations agency, founded in 1945 and based in Rome, that leads international efforts against hunger by collecting food data, giving early warning and technical advice, and setting food standards.
The supply of food physically present in a country or area, from domestic production, imports, stocks and food aid, less exports and losses; one of the four pillars of food security.
An FAO survey-based measure of the severity of food insecurity, built from eight questions to individuals about their experiences of limited access to food over the previous 12 months.
The decrease in the quantity or quality of food between harvest and the retail stage, for example through pests, spoilage in storage or damage in transport.
Any activity that promotes a food or drink product to consumers, including advertising, sponsorship, packaging, price promotions, social-media content and product placement.
The distance food travels from where it is produced to where it is consumed, used as a rough indicator of the environmental impact of transporting food.
A situation in which all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
The ability of a country to meet its food needs from its own production rather than imports, often measured as domestic production as a percentage of consumption.
Food that is discarded or left uneaten at the retail, food service or household stage, even though it was fit to eat.
The removal of people from their homes or land against their will, without appropriate legal protection, consultation or compensation.
The movement of people compelled to leave their homes, within or across borders, by threats such as conflict, persecution, natural disasters or development projects.
A young, mobile sand dune behind the embryo dunes, dominated by marram grass, with bare sand between the plants giving it a yellow colour; also called a yellow dune.
Investment by a company in productive assets in another country, such as building or buying factories, hotels or resorts, in which it keeps a lasting ownership interest and control.
The addition of vitamins or minerals, such as iodine, iron, folic acid or vitamin A, to food during processing to prevent micronutrient deficiencies.
A non-renewable energy source such as coal, oil or natural gas, formed over millions of years from buried organic remains, which releases CO₂ when burned.
Groundwater that accumulated long ago, often in a wetter past climate, and receives little or no recharge today, so it is effectively non-renewable.
A method of extracting oil and gas by injecting water, sand and chemicals at high pressure into shale or other dense rock to fracture it and release the hydrocarbons.
A closed league in which membership is fixed by the league, with no promotion or relegation, and teams (franchises) may relocate to other cities.
The right of citizens of the member states of a bloc, such as the EU, to travel, live and work in any other member state without a visa or work permit.
A group of countries that remove tariffs and quotas on trade in goods between themselves, while each keeps its own trade policy towards non-members.
A designated area within a country, often at a port or airport, where imported goods can be stored, processed and re-exported free of customs duties and with simplified regulations.
The principle that Indigenous peoples may give or withhold consent to a project affecting their lands or resources, freely, before it begins and with full information about its impacts.
The breakdown of rock by repeated freezing and thawing of water in cracks and pores, which expands by about 9% when it freezes and pries the rock apart.
The relocation of supply chains to countries that are political allies, to reduce the risk that geopolitical tension, sanctions or conflict will disrupt production.
Simple nutrition information, such as warning symbols or traffic-light colours, printed on the front of food packaging to show consumers which products are high in sugar, salt, fat or calories.
The upward swelling of the ground during freezing, caused by ice lenses growing in fine soil as water is drawn to the freezing front; it lifts stones towards the surface.