47 of the History glossary’s terms, each with the part of the syllabus where you first meet it.
Members of the Society of the Friends of the Constitution, which met in a former Jacobin monastery in Paris, with clubs across France; after 1791 increasingly republican and radical, led by Robespierre, until the club was closed in November 1794.
A movement of Muslim reformers in the Russian Empire, strong in Central Asia from the 1890s, who promoted "new method" schools, a modern press and national renewal; many later joined the Soviet state.
An assignment of the land revenue of an area to a Mughal mansabdar in place of a cash salary; the holder (jagirdar) collected the revenue but did not own the land and was usually moved every few years.
The shortage of productive jagirs for the growing number of Mughal mansabdars in the late seventeenth century, which historians of the Aligarh school see as a main cause of Mughal decline.
The killing of unarmed Indians in an enclosed ground at Amritsar on 13 April 1919 by troops under Brigadier-General Dyer: 379 dead by the official count, about 1,000 by a Congress estimate.
The failed armed invasion of the Transvaal led by Leander Starr Jameson for Cecil Rhodes from 29 December 1895 to 2 January 1896, meant to support an uitlander uprising.
A member of the Ottoman sultans' elite standing infantry; by the eighteenth century a largely hereditary corps that resisted military reform until Mahmud II abolished it in 1826.
A strict reforming movement within the Catholic Church, influential in France in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, condemned by the papacy and hostile to the Jesuits.
The seizure of power in Shanghai by rebel workers and radicals in January 1967, which Mao approved and which led to rebel seizures of power across China.
The forced removal of about 120,000 people of Japanese descent, most of them US citizens, from the US west coast in 1942 and their detention in camps until 1945–1946.
Japan's rapid post-war growth, especially from 1955 to 1973, when real GDP grew by about 9 per cent a year and Japan became the second largest economy in the capitalist world.
The mass self-immolation of Rajput women when a besieged fort was about to fall, to avoid capture; recorded at Chittor in 1568.
"Supreme Chief of the Revolution", the title given to Plutarco Elías Calles when he dominated Mexican politics from behind three presidents between 1928 and 1934.
A district official in Porfirian Mexico, appointed by the state governor, who controlled local elections, police, conscription and land disputes. Jefes políticos were among the most resented officials of the Díaz regime.
The left-wing rising on Jeju island in South Korea that began on 3 April 1948 against the southern elections and police repression. Its suppression by 1949 killed tens of thousands of islanders, most of them civilians.
The protests of Kazakh students and young people in Alma-Ata on 17–18 December 1986 against the appointment of Gennady Kolbin, crushed by Soviet forces.
The census of Jews in the German army ordered in October 1916 in response to antisemitic claims that Jews avoided front-line service; its results were never published.
The body recognised under the mandate (from 1929 in its enlarged form) to represent the Jewish community to the British administration; its executive became Israel's first government.
A Soviet organisation set up in 1942 to win foreign Jewish support for the war effort; it was closed in 1948, and thirteen of its leading members were shot in August 1952.
The Zionist fund founded in 1901 to buy land in Palestine, which was to remain the permanent property of the Jewish people and be leased only to Jews.
The largest communist base area in China, centred on Ruijin in southern Jiangxi, governed by the CCP from 1931 until the Red Army abandoned it in October 1934.
Paper notes first issued by merchants in Sichuan in the early eleventh century as receipts exchangeable for coin; from 1024 the Song state issued them, making them the world's first government paper money.
In Islam, a struggle or striving in the path of God; in a military sense, a war to defend or extend Muslim lands, a cause invoked by leaders from Saladin to nineteenth-century West African reformers such as Usman dan Fodio.
The laws and customs that enforced racial segregation and denied African Americans the vote in the southern United States from the 1890s to the 1960s.
The mountain area on the Hunan–Jiangxi border where Mao Zedong and Zhu De built the first rural communist base and the Red Army in 1927–1929.
The highest degree in the Chinese civil-service examinations, awarded after the final examination in the capital; under the Song dynasty about 200 were awarded a year on average.
A steward appointed by the Kamakura shogunate to an estate, who collected dues, kept order and received a share of the estate's income.
The Liberal Party founded by Itagaki Taisuke in 1881, drawing on rural notables and radical activists; it dissolved in 1884.
A tax paid by non-Muslim subjects (dhimmi) under Muslim rule in return for protection and exemption from military service.
Johnson's statement in May 1965, during the intervention in the Dominican Republic, that the American nations would not permit the establishment of another communist government in the Western Hemisphere.
The agreement of 14 July 2015 between Iran and six powers (the USA, Britain, France, Germany, Russia and China) that limited Iran’s nuclear programme in return for lifting sanctions. The USA withdrew from it in May 2018.
A business owned jointly by two or more partners; in the USSR from 1987, a company formed by a Soviet enterprise and a foreign firm.
A business owned by many investors who buy shares, share profits and risk, and elect directors to manage it.
The brief war of 1221 in which the retired emperor Go-Toba tried to overthrow the Hōjō regents and was defeated, leaving the Kamakura shogunate supreme over the court.
The US law of 1916 that gave the Philippines an elected Senate and promised independence as soon as a stable government could be established.
Joseph II’s programme of reform, especially in religion: subordination of the Catholic Church to the state, toleration of other faiths and reshaping of church institutions for useful ends.
The official ideology of North Korea, first set out by Kim Il Sung in 1955: Korean communists should apply Marxism-Leninism to Korean conditions and rely on themselves rather than copying the Soviet Union or China.
A Jewish council set up on German orders to run a Jewish community or ghetto and carry out German demands.
The court in London that was Canada's final court of appeal until 1949. In 1937 it ruled most of Bennett's New Deal laws unconstitutional.
The diplomatic crisis between the assassination at Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 and the outbreak of a general European war in early August 1914.
Laws of July 1961 in which Nasser's government nationalised most banks, insurance companies and large firms in Egypt.
19 June, the anniversary of the day in 1865 when Union troops announced in Galveston, Texas, that all enslaved people there were free; a US federal holiday since 2021.
A member of the landowning nobility of Prussia, especially east of the Elbe, who ruled serfs on large estates and served as army officers and officials.
A governing council formed in a crisis; in 1808–1810 juntas in Spain and Spanish America claimed to rule in the name of the captive Ferdinand VII.
Committees formed by Spanish army officers in 1916–1917 to defend their pay and promotion by seniority, which forced governments to give way and showed the army's power over politics.
Pierre Trudeau's slogan from 1968 for a Canada built on individual rights, equality of opportunity and social justice.
Royal judges who travelled around the shires of England on circuits to hear cases.