Read each term where it’s used
In Augment’s notes, a marked term shows its definition when you hover or tap it, and each page ends with the terms it introduces.
In Augment’s notes, a marked term shows its definition when you hover or tap it, and each page ends with the terms it introduces.
32 terms from Psychological skills, each defined in a sentence or two, with the part of the syllabus where you first meet it. 23 of them are HL only, and marked.
Lang's theory that an image is stored as stimulus propositions about the situation and response propositions about the person's reactions, and that imagery is most effective when it includes the responses.
Imagery of strategies, tactics, game plans and routines, such as a set play, a race plan or a pre-performance routine.
Imagery used to learn, practise and improve skills (cognitive specific) or strategies and game plans (cognitive general).
Imagery of performing specific sport skills, such as a tennis serve or a golf swing, used to learn, refine or rehearse them.
A non-specific goal in which the individual is simply asked to try as hard as possible, with no defined target or standard of performance.
Imagery from a third-person perspective, in which the performer watches themselves performing the skill as if on video or from the stands.
The principle that imagining a movement uses many of the same brain areas and processes as physically performing it, so imagery that closely matches real performance is more effective.
The regular review and modification of goals, by raising, lowering, re-timing or replacing them, in response to progress, setbacks or changed circumstances, so that they stay challenging, achievable and meaningful.
A sequence of progressively harder short-term goals, arranged like the rungs of a ladder, that lead step by step to a long-term goal.
A psychological skill in which an individual sets specific targets to work towards, in order to direct attention, increase motivation and improve performance or behaviour in sport, exercise or health.
The finding that individuals who set harder goals tend to perform better but feel less satisfied with their performance, because a harder goal raises the standard needed for satisfaction; elite athletes may feel deflated after success.
A process of creating or recreating an experience in the mind using several senses, such as sight, sound and the feel of movement, without actual perception; also called mental rehearsal or visualisation.
A written plan that guides an imagery session, describing the setting, the senses, emotions, perspective and timing of the skill to be imagined, often recorded and listened to.
Imagery from a first-person perspective, in which the performer sees the scene as through their own eyes while performing the skill.
Imagery of the feel of a movement, including muscle tension, body position, force and rhythm, built from sensations of the muscles and joints.
A self-referenced goal that focuses on improving one’s own performance or the technique and strategy used, rather than on beating others; it includes performance goals and process goals.
A goal to be achieved over a long period, usually months or years, that gives overall direction to training or behaviour change.
Imagery of the feelings of arousal, relaxation, stress and anxiety in competition, used to raise or lower arousal towards the optimal level.
Imagery of being mentally tough, confident, focused and in control in difficult situations, used to build confidence and self-efficacy.
Imagery used to increase motivation, set and pursue goals, control arousal and anxiety, or build confidence and mental toughness.
Imagery of specific goals and goal-oriented behaviour, such as standing on the podium, winning a final or achieving a personal best.
A non-specific, exploratory goal with a measurable activity but no fixed target, such as seeing how far one can walk in 30 minutes, so that any result counts as an outcome rather than a failure.
A norm-referenced goal that focuses on the result of a competition compared with other people, such as winning, finishing in a certain place or being selected.
A framework proposed by Allan Paivio in 1985 that classifies the functions of imagery along two dimensions, cognitive or motivational and specific or general, used to choose the right type of imagery.
A self-referenced goal that specifies a measurable standard representing an improvement on the individual’s own previous performance, independent of other competitors.
A model by Holmes and Collins with seven elements (physical, environment, task, timing, learning, emotion, perspective) used to make imagery as functionally equivalent to real performance as possible.
A self-referenced goal that focuses on the technique, strategy or behaviour needed to perform a skill well, such as keeping the head still during a putt.
A theory that imagining a movement produces very small electrical activity in the muscles involved, similar in pattern to real movement, which strengthens the neural pathways for that movement.
A goal to be achieved in the near future, usually within days or weeks, that acts as a step towards a long-term goal and provides frequent feedback and success.
A practical aid for writing goals, in which each goal is specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-bound; SMARTER adds evaluate and re-adjust.
A self-report questionnaire that measures how often athletes use the five functions of imagery in Paivio's framework, rated on a 7-point scale.
A theory that imagery works by helping the performer code a movement as a mental blueprint of its sequence and timing, so it is most effective for skills with a large cognitive component.